Questions from Readers and Answers from this Author

Part of supplement, Book 2

by Ching-Chee Chan, Ph.D.

All Rights Reserved

Egret Publishing Inc. January 2000

AIDS

Q: My t-cells have dropped from a normal level of 800 to 250. My viral load is 120,000. I am 100% healthy and normal. Are these numbers meaningless or does it mean I do have something wrong with me? What do you guys recommend?

A: Hansen's bacterium and its antigen can cause the immune system to become defective, leading to depression in the number of circulating T lymphocytes and T-helper/T-suppressor cell ratio. One with a defective immune system can be infected with bacteria and viruses, including HIV. You can have your blood sample checked with PCR methods for DNA of Hansen's bacterium.

Q: Isn't this bacterium rarely found in man? It seems the best course is to eat, sleep, and exercise right and not worry about any exotic viruses and bacteria unless symptoms of illness show up.

A: Your suggestion is also a reasonable alternative. Infection by Hansen's bacterium is not as rare as most people think. Many diseases of unknown causes, such as AIDS, autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, cancer . . . etc., may be caused directly or indirectly by this bacterium. My theoretical arguments are presented in my two booklets. The shortened versions of these two booklets are free and available on my web site. Just click the link below.

Doctors assume too much like you do. Doctors attribute all the AIDS symptoms to HIV and do not bother checking for Hansen's bacterium. You do not seek and you do not find.

Q: These are not "answers" but instead subtle form of witchcraft. You do not start pumping people full of drugs when a cause is not yet established. You should know "AIDS" is a collection of 23 or 24 diseases? You are barking at the wrong tree.

A: I have never claimed to have anything more than a hypothesis with correlations. I hope my correlations are convincing enough so that people with appropriate resources will start experiments to prove my hypothesis. Based on my hypothesis, I suggest treating AIDS patients with thalidomide in my first booklet, published in 1992. In 1993, Dr. Gilla Kaplan of the Rockefeller University published her results of thalidomide treatment on AIDS patients (Time 1993 July 12: 39). This proves my suggestion was correct. I consider thalidomide treatment is a major factor in the decline of the number of deaths due to AIDS.

Einstein did not prove any of his works himself. Most scientists do not have the resources or the abilities to prove their own hypotheses.

If you had spent enough time examining my work, you would have got all these answers yourself.

You are entitled to your opinion of my work. Drug trial is a legitimate way of finding out the cause of a disease but the probable pathogen must be detected first. A disease with a broad spectrum can be mistaken for many separate diseases. Many of these "diseases" will have similar variation patterns. Some diseases actually show this trend from 1960 up to 1993, when I checked last in 1996.

Someone asked Stephen Hawking "How do you know you are right?" He said everything fitted so well. A well-correlated hypothesis stands a better chance of being correct but by no means a certainty. Nothing can replace experiments.

I saw an acquaintance of mine at a dinner party. He was in a wheel chair due to Parkinson's disease. He knew about my work through a mutual friend and he asked about my work. I gathered he wanted me to reassure him that my hypothesis was a certainty. Of course I could not do that. No one can prove a hypothesis with words. Only experimental results such as DNA results of Hansen's bacterium by means of PCR methods can prove a hypothesis.

Q: The experiments have been done. If these bacteria were a "cause" of "AIDS" then they would be observed in all persons with "AIDS." But that isn't so. The hypothesis is false.

A: Time will tell what is correct and what is not. I stand by what I said. When the time comes, I cannot dodge the issue by saying it was not I but someone with the same initials, because I stated my full name. I can be identified by sight too because my picture was published in a scientific journal. When the time comes, I cannot avoid answering a few awkward questions, if my hypothesis is incorrect.

Q: I had a very difficult time eliciting your point . . .

A: I am sorry about your difficulties. I had to leave out some material to shorten the two booklets.

The phenomenal increases in many old diseases led me to suspect a modified version of the bacterium created in the early 1960s, and the appearance times of many "new" diseases led me to suspect the modified version of the bacterium being the cause. Then I cited data to support my hypothesis. In the process, some data (the asthma curve) were used to modify my hypothesis slightly.

Q: The bacillus responsible for Hansen's disease is so rarely seen in the USA. The bacillus is found in some armadillos. You could handle these creatures every day of your life and never get infected. How did all of these individuals all over the world become infected with the pathogen in its newly "mutated" form?

A: The armadillo's body temperature (34 to 36 degree C's, I guess) is slightly below that of human. At this temperature, Hansen's bacterium can multiply fast and it can be detected by means of the conventional method because it is available in large number. The body temperature of human is 37 degrees C. At this temperature, Hansen's bacterium cannot multiply but it can multiply on the skin, upper respiratory tracts, testicles where the temperature is slightly lower. There are many viruses and bacteria associated with this bacterium. Some of them are identified but many are not. HIV may be one of them. Hansen's bacterium does not grow in vitro but the group of associated viruses and bacteria do. Therefore, the conventional method is very insensitive in detecting the bacterium. PCR methods for detecting Hansen's bacterium are only recently developed and probably not widely used in north America. If it is not detected, one is presumed not infected. Hence the prevalence is the result of "guess."

The "mutated" form of the pathogen is purely hypothetical. I invented it to account for the observed facts. I imagine that the modified version may be able to remain viable at room temperature for a longer period than the earlier version hence it is more infectious.

One way of proving the hypothesis is to employ PCR methods to detect the bacterium in seriously ill patients (neurological diseases, musculo-skeletal diseases, Crohn's disease, AIDS, lymphoma, skin, testicular, breast cancer . . . etc.). If it is present, use the drugs available to knock out the pathogens. If the patients recover, the hypothesis is probably correct.

Q: Crohn's disease affects the gastrointestinal tract, and that of course is generally at or above 38 degrees C. In addition to the warming effect of cellular metabolism, the bacteria of the gut generate heat. Hansen's bacterium cannot grow there? Who say the bacterium cannot be grown in vitro? There is a paper about growing this bacterium in vitro. There are other hypotheses. Are they incorrect?

A: Most of the damage is not caused directly by Hansen's bacterium itself. The antigen of the bacterium upsets the immune system of the host. Then the immune system overreacts by overproducing TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor). Too much TNF-alpha will cause inflammation of tissue or blood vessels or both. Dead bacteria or fragments of dead bacteria with antigens are carried by blood stream to other parts of the host, including the digestive tract. The immune system seems to have problems getting rid of these debris. They can last for months and months in the blood stream or get stuck in some parts of the host's body, causing inflammation. The higher temperature at the digestive tract cannot prevent the antigen getting there. The breast of human female should have similar temperature variation as that of the testicle of human male because of similar structure hence similar cooling characteristics.

Many scientists are trying to grow Hansen's bacterium in vitro. It is generally accepted that it still cannot be grown in vitro. If someone is successful then others will attempt to repeat the experiment. If it is repeatable, it will be accepted as fact. A few years ago, two professors conducted "cold fusion" experiments. Some teams even "duplicated" their results. There might be something significant there but most researchers could not repeat the results and people eventually lost interest in this subject.

I do not rule other possibilities out however remote. Other arguments do not fit as well as this hypothesis.

Q: 1. How do you know that there is over production TNF-alpha?

2. What method have you used to measure the "debris" that you mention?

3. In the case of tissue inflammation, if that is the major causal factor of the resulting disease, why not treat it with corticosteroids and/or non-steroid anti-inflammatory medicines?

A: 1. I do not know. I simply accept the words of experts (see references 43, 44, 116a or textbooks of internal medicine).

2. I have not used any method to measure the "debris." I am a physical chemist. I am not capable of conducting life science experiments. I got the information from textbooks of internal medicine. The authors do not usually provide any experimental methods. They just describe the phenomenon or their observations. They use various terms such as fragments, immune complexes . . . etc. I use the word "debris' which I may have picked up from one of these books (see references 39, 94, 116 or other textbooks of internal medicine).

3. Steroids are still used occasionally. Thalidomide is the drug currently used, in spite of its teratogenic effect because it does not shut down the immune system completely like steroids do. Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs seem to be cytotoxic. I am not aware whether they have been used for this purpose (see textbooks of internal medicine or references 39, 43, 94, 116, 116a).

References

39. Waters MFR. Hansen's disease. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham JGG, Warrel DA, Eds. Oxford Textbook of Medicine (2nd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987: 5.305-5.313.

43 Sampaio EP, Moreira AL, Sarno N, Kaplan G, et al. Prolonged treatment with recombinant interferon induces Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in lepromatous leprosy patients. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 1729-1737.

44. Tracey KJ, Cerami A. Tumor necrosis factor: an updated review of its biology. Critical Care Med 1993; 21: S415-S422.

94. Miller RA. Hansen's Disease. In: Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Petersdorf RD, et al, Eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine (11th edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1987: 633-637.

116. Azulay RA. Reactions in leprosy: clinical aspects. In: Burgdorf WHC, Katz SL, Hood AF, Malkinson FD, Peters MS, Robinson JK, Swerlick R. (Eds.), Dermatology Progress & Perspectives The proceedings of the 18th world congress of dermatology, New York, June 12-18, 1992. New York: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 1992: 887-889.

116a Naafs B. Reactions in leprosy: immunopathology. In: Burgdorf WHC, Katz SL, Hood AF, Malkinson FD, Peters MS, Robinson JK, Swerlick R. (Eds.), Dermatology Progress & Perspectives The proceedings of the 18th world congress of dermatology, New York, June 12-18, 1992. New York: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 1992: 890-892.

Q: According to you, Dr. Gilla Kaplan developed the thalidomide treatment for AIDS. How come we have never heard of her?

A: I do not know why that you have not heard of her. I can only guess. C. Gorman reported the results of her trials (An old new drug for AIDS. The notorious sedative thalidomide may give doctors another weapon to fight a modern plague. Time 1993 July 12: 39.). And there was another paper in Pro Natl Acad Sci USA. I saw her on TV. Some of her works tend to be reported in a special way for reason I do not want to guess. Thalidomide is not a cure and HIV, on which the mass media are hooked, is more exciting.

Q: Online versions of your hypothesis; AIDS is a collection of diseases; how do you compare your hypothesis with the argument of Heinrich Kremer; in other words, is your microbe responsible for some or all "AIDS defining" diseases? An article "Acquired Iatrogenic Syndrome" Pneumonias & Lung Diseases by Heinrich Kremer, Continuum Nov/Dec. 1996, Rethinking AIDS.

A: You could say AIDS is a disease with a thousand faces or many interrelated diseases caused by the antigen of a microbe, intercurrent infection (tuberculosis, malaria, syphilis . . . etc.), stress (mental and physical), chemotherapy including recreation drugs.

I am not familiar with Dr. Kremer's argument. I do not have time to read the long article by Dr. Kremer but "Acquired Iatrogenic Disease Syndrome" or chemotherapy is a condition of my activation mechanism.

The antigen of this microbe plus malaria, tuberculosis, syphilis, other infections, physical and mental stress, chemotherapy, drugs are responsible directly or indirectly for most of the "AIDS defining" diseases and more, such as Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, asthma, chronic fatigue syndrome, Crohn's disease, diabetes, Gulf War syndrome, Lyme disease, motor neurone disease (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), Parkinson's disease, scleroderma, lymphoma, cancer (skin, testicular and breast).

Q: If HIV is not responsible, then why do AIDS patients have a decline on their CD4+ T-cells relative to their CD8+ counts?

A: Hansen's bacterium can cause the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells of patients to decline. This is recorded in most textbooks of internal medicine. Is it a fact or assumption that HIV can also cause the ratio to decline? Are AIDS patients checked for Hansen's bacterium by means of PCR methods?

There are myriads of viruses and bacteria associated with Hansen's bacterium. They go wherever it goes. These are called associate viruses and bacteria. Some are identified and some are not. Whenever these viruses and bacteria are grown in culture media, they usually turn out but Hansen's bacterium because it does not grow in vitro. HIV is probably one of them. These act as decoys misleading scientists investigating AIDS, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, Gulf War syndrome and other autoimmune diseases. These viruses and bacteria have helped build great careers for many scientists.

ALS

Q: Are the increases in the incidence rates of these chronic debilitating diseases due to increase in life expectancy?

A: There is a small increase in life expectancy in the past thirty-nine years but that can hardly account for changes of such magnitude in many diseases, e.g., several thousand percent. The ages of patients of Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease at the onset of the diseases are lowering. And the numbers are so large that they cannot escape being noticed. This is certainly not compatible with the argument that the rise in life expectancy can be accepted as part of the explanation to the increase in neurological and degenerative diseases.

Q: Are some of these problems caused by treatments?

A: I agree that many problems are iatrogenic.

Q: Are these diseases caused by pollution and genetic defects?

A: Pollution is being tackled successfully especially in North America and Western Europe. There is less junk being dumped into the air, water, and ground compared with the sixties. This does not fit the variation patterns of those diseases mentioned.

Genetics cannot account for the increases of such magnitude in only thirty-nine years. Genetics plays a role like faults in a dyke which does not leak if the water does rise to a dangerous level. It will leak at the bigger faults first if the water rises to the dangerous level. The smaller faults will also leak if the pressure rises higher. Assuming that the number of faults stays constant, the number of leaks will be depending on the water pressure. Assuming that genetic defects remain constant for the past thirty-nine years, only a small portion of the people with genetic defects would develop the diseases under normal conditions. Bacterial infection is putting extra pressure on genetic defects to cause more diseases now because a new situation has arisen. This point has been dealt with in my booklets.

Q: Are the increases due to better detection?

A: Better detection of diseases certainly contributes slightly to the increases, a few percent but not to such magnitude, a few thousand percent. Many diseases show such variation patterns. I mention only a few as examples in my article. The total is listed in my booklets. The main point of science is the ability to measure and compare things quantitatively.

Q: Why are so many sick?

A: Since 1960, many "new" immune-related diseases have appeared and many old ones have afflicted more people. The diseases cover a wide range from neurological, musculo-skeletal, connective tissue to skin and digestive tract usually related to infection. This is because, in 1960, a more virulent version of the bacterium appeared, resulting in phenomenal increases in these diseases and the appearance of the so-called "new" diseases. For further detail, see my article "A Probable Solution"

Q: Many were diagnosed as Lyme disease and later turned out to be ALS. Why?

A: Both are immune-related and may be activated by different activators. They are basically the same and interchangeable. They are two of the many faces of the same disease.

1. What bacterium are you referring to? 2. How do you test for it? 3. What type of treatment should I follow if it is present? 4. Are you available?

I suspect my illness is due to injuries sustained in professional football. My suspicion is based on the paper cited below:

J Neurosci 1999 May 1;19(9):3649-55 Upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha transport across the blood-brain barrier after acute compressive spinal cord injury. Pan W, Kastin AJ, Bell RL, Olson RD Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.

A: 1. I am referring to Hansen's bacterium. My reason of fingering this bacterium was theoretically justified in my two booklets. 2. Government laboratories and some commercial laboratories should have facilities to carry out PCR methods targeting the DNA of Hansen's bacterium. 3. Normally the standard treatment is a combination of three drugs: rifampin, diaminodiphenyl sulphone and clofazimine. There may be a better antibiotic to replace rifampin now.There may be ENL (erythema nodosum leprosum) reaction and thalidomide is needed to counteract this reaction. For further detail, see my two booklets. 4. My degree is Ph.D. not MD. I am not qualified to treat patients. You need a qualified MD and an experienced expert (a MD specially trained for this job) on the use of these drugs. I am available to answer your questions as best as I can. The antigen of this bacterium can cause the immune system to become defective. Stress (mental or physical), intercurrent infection and chemotherapy can activate ENL (erythema nodosum leprosum, an immune reaction, overproducing TNF-alpha), resulting in inflammation, weight loss, fever, ache and pain, leading to nerve damages, arthritis, necrotizing vasculitis and even death. For further detail, please see my two booklets.

Alzheimer's Disease

Q: What is the bacterium most likely to cause the disease?

A: Hansen's bacterium.

Arthritis

Q: You realise that doctors will not endorse such practice even though it may be desirable for the patient. The reason is simply that the studies have not been proven and that is the most frustrating state of events.

Therefore I ask is it possible to participate directly with you on this matter?

I want a cure. The approach you have is of utmost interest and requires full investigation and trial.

A: My hypothesis is well correlated and supported with facts and data (see the printed and bound versions). The simplest way to prove my hypothesis is to check the blood sample of the patient by means of methods based on PCR. If the bacterium is present, any qualified medical doctor would recommend treatments immediately whether it causes arthritis or not. The drugs are available and inexpensive. The problem is that doctors think they can spot the characteristic symptoms if one is infected. And then they will check for the presence of the bacteria by means of conventional methods which work if the bacteria are present in large number. My point is that the characteristic symptoms will appear only if there are large number of the bacteria present. The antigens from a small number of the bacteria may be able to upset the immune system which then attacks the tissue to cause damages over many years, resulting in various chronic, debilitating diseases. This is why PCR methods are needed in order to detect the small number of the bacteria. Medical doctors do not suspect this bacterium and they do not want to check. What is needed is for patients to demand checking with PCR methods targeting the DNA of this bacterium. If patients are cured, it will prove my hypothesis.

Alternatively researchers can try to infect animals with the bacterium and see whether it causes arthritis, ALS and other diseases. It is not impossible but it may take another forty years. This bacterium infects humans but it is very difficult to get it to infect animals let alone cause diseases. Of course, further discussion or help in any form is always welcome. It is reasonable to expect a cure.

Drugs capable of knocking out this bacterium are already available, but the treatments can be improved. The problem can be controlled and stopped quickly but it takes a long time to cure it.

Q: The procedure is one of a simple nature; doctors say it is more likely to detect it accurately when the disease is active; I would like to visit you with participation in mind; would the test be also inexpensive? Use of tetracycline as a treatment with respect to Mycoplasmas before? Detectable with PCR? Stress in life; are you in a position to help?

A: The outlines of the procedure may seem to be simple but in practice, it is not that simple. During chemotherapy, the immune system may react in a way similar to arthritis or in serious case like AIDS. This is called ENL (see chapter 2; Book 2), and thalidomide will be needed to counteract the reaction.

I do not know when the probability of detection will be higher. Your doctors have the practical experience and I suggest you accept his opinion.

You can always reach me by e-mail. If it is mutually convenient, we can make arrangement for an informal meeting. I am encouraged by your enthusiasm. There has been a good response from the readers/patients.

I am not familiar with the cost of PCR testing. You could check at PCR Jump Station

http://www.horizonpress.com/pcr/

especially at Lark, Quantitative PCR

http://www.lark.com/bulletins.html

or better still ask the doctor in charge of your treatments.

I am not sure about your point regarding the use of tetracycline. The use of this drug has been mentioned and considered to be effective on an ALS web board, indicating infection may be the cause of ALS. I do not know how reliable or accurate the information is.

It is always a good idea to avoid stress. I am glad you are willing to help. Of course I shall try my best. I am the one spreading the idea.

Q: My five-years-old daughter is suffering from inflamed joints all over her body. What do I do?

A: Discuss thalidomide treatment with her doctors.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Q: I read your article. I've been sick for over 15 years and am certain that there is something infectious going on. Have you had any success in treating people with Rifampin?

A: I suspect the culprit is a bacterium. The standard treatment is by a combination of three drugs, one of which is rifampin. This combination has been proven successful against this bacterium (it is recorded in the literature. The work was carried out by experts, not by me). But the first thing is to find out whether you are infected with this bacterium. These drugs are not to be taken without careful consideration. The shortened versions of my two booklets explain the rationale of using PCR methods to detect the bacterium and you have to discuss with your doctors, regarding the course of action. You have to ask them to find an appropriate expert on these drugs to treat you if you are tested positive for this bacterium. If you want the file containing the shortened versions of my two booklets, please let me know.

Crohn's Disease

Q: I got Crohn's disease and fibromyalgia. My organs are shot, pancreases, liver, kidneys. Are you saying that there are probable treatments for all these? Why the doctors do not realize these and help us? Are you saying viruses and bacteria cause all these when the immune system fails?

A: Yes, it makes sense to me.

My point is that the antigen of a certain bacterium can cause the immune system to go crazy under certain circumstances and then the crazy immune system attacks blood vessels, bone, and muscle tissues, causing damages to organs. It is very difficult to detect this bacterium by conventional methods unless it is present in large number. PCR, invented in the eighties, can detect the bacterium, even it is present in small number. Medical doctors do not suspect this and do not look for it. If you do not look, you do not find. If the bacterium is detected, it can be treated with a standard combination of three-drugs, one of them is rifampin or a derivative of rifampin. My hypothesis is explained in detail in my two booklets. The shortened versions of the booklets, which can be e-mailed as an attached file, are available free to responsible adults on request. You can show the file to your doctors if you like. The hypothesis can be proven if you are cured with the methods based on my hypothesis. I depend on you and your doctors to prove my hypothesis. I thank you in anticipation.

Q: In addition to Crohns I have fibromyalgia, arthritis, a melanoma (removed successfully). I was under severe emotional stress for about seven years and it was during this time that these problems developed. I have wondered if stress could have contributed.

A: It is a very well known fact that stress can cause a defective immune system to act up, resulting in damages of various tissues.

Q: What is your opinion on mycobacterium paratuberculosis as a plausible cause of Crohn's disease with reference to the studies of Dr. John Hermon-Taylor of London?

I also participated in a study testing antibiotics as a plausible cure for Crohn's disease. I was not successful in this adventure but I am not sure why.

A: mycobacterium paratuberculosis may be an opportunistic or intercurrent infection. Actually I suspect another mycobacterium to be the cause of Crohn's disease. The subject described in the Hermon-Taylor article in eBMJ is very young and his immune system could have been successful in containing the real culprit as soon as the intercurrent infection was removed. This is also a probable explanation for your lack of success in your antibiotics trial. Were you checked for infection for mycobacterium paratuberculosis?

Q: What is your interest in Crohn's disease? What is your background? Are you affiliated with any hospital or group?

A: I used to work for a coatings' manufacturer. I resigned to work on this problem full time. Now, I am just a research scientist, not affiliated to any group.

Q: I have been to your web site but I am not sure I understand it all.

I wish to know more about your hypothesis for a cure. Please be more specific.

A: I shall explain my hypothesis in detail from the very beginning. I am a physical chemist specialized in reaction kinetics. This is a branch of science that chemists use to track step by step how molecules react. Now I use the same principle to track how diseases spread or infect people, hence the cause or causes. Since the early 1970s, there have been a lot of data and observed facts accumulated, the so-called information explosion. If the information is properly processed and correlated many useful results may be obtained. Some of these results are the variation patterns of several diseases. These indicate many diseases such as AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, asthma, Crohn's disease, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, lymphoma, cancer (skin, testicular and breast) are related because they vary in a similar manner. There is one mycobacterium known to cause or is linked to most of these diseases. That is Hansen's bacterium. This bacterium is known to cause Hansen's disease which has a wide spectrum covering muscle, bone tissues and the peripheral neurological system. The diseases of the central nervous system, not known to be caused by Hansen's bacterium, are assigned to the unknown parts of the spectrum (there is a parallel case in the history of science that is the construction of the periodic table of the chemical elements). This is consistent with my hypothesis that a modified version of Hansen's bacterium appeared in 1960, causing the changes in the variation patterns of many diseases.

There is a group of viruses and bacteria associating with Hansen's bacterium. They go wherever it goes and only some of them are identified. I suspect these act as decoys (as indicators in some cases), attracting the attention of the scientific community, resulting in great waste of time and money. Remember the war on cancer? Viruses were suspected as cause or causes of cancer. Now scientists suspect HIV and mycoplasmas for causing AIDS, ALS and Gulf war syndrome respectively. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis has been suspected for causing Crohn's disease for quite a long time. I suspect these are members of that group of viruses and bacteria associating with Hansen's bacterium.

The morality of the scientific community is no longer the same as that during the time of Darwin and Newton. Some scientists presented a hypothesis as a proven theory. If they were challenged on this point they would say "It is the virus, stupid." The general public accepted it. This was how a hypothesis became a "proven" theory. Whether my hypothesis can be proven, it depends on people who are willing to try it. My hypothesis may be briefly stated as following:

A modified version of Hansen's bacterium appeared in 1960, causing overproduction of TNF-alpha, leading to inflammation of blood vessels, resulting in the increases of incidence rates of many diseases.

PCR methods can detect Hansen's bacterium but it has to be targeted first. That means the operator has to suspect the bacterium being present first and make the necessary arrangement. If a patient is tested positive for Hansen's bacterium, a combination of diaminodiphenyl sulphone, rifampin and clofazimin is normally prescribed, with thalidomide to suppress ENL which is a very damaging immune reaction normally occurs after commencing treatment. These drugs are inexpensive and there may be better antibiotics available now.

A few years ago, people were unwilling to accept the possibility that some of these chronic debilitating diseases might be caused by infection. It is very unpleasant to discuss infection, especially, infection related to Hansen's bacterium. It is something cultural or religious. Scientists have to think with their heads, not with their hearts. I can understand the circumstance Charles Darwin had to face.

Vaccines and Pretreatments

(Gulf War Syndrome)

Q: I am an US air Force reservist and I have developed arthritis-like symptoms in my hands. Could this be caused by the anthrax vaccine series (three shots over a month)?

A: There is a probability that your problem could be activated by the vaccinations but it is not possible to be certain. Did you have similar problems before the vaccinations? Did the problem occur soon after the vaccinations? The closer the timings, the more likely it was activated by the vaccinations. I am sorry. I am not very helpful.

If there are any questions or suggestions, please e-mail Ching-Chee Chan, Ph.D.

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Updated on January 3, 2000.