| PERSONALITY | an individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings,and behaviours that persists over time across situations |
| PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES | behaviour results from psychological dynamics that interact within the individual often outside awareness |
| UNCONSCIOUS | in Freud, all the ideas, thoughts and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware of |
| PSYCHOANALYSIS | theory developed by Freud as well as the form of therapy he invented |
| ID | the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression-the pleasure principle-as instinct arises Id seeks to satisfy (FREUD) |
| PLEASURE PRINCIPLE | the way ID seeks immediate gratification of an instinct (FREUD) |
| EGO | part of personality that mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience (superego) and instinctual needs (ID), now often used as synonym for self (FREUD) |
| REALITY PRINCIPLE | the way ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in real world (FREUD) |
| SUPEREGO | the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience and ego ideal (FREUD) |
| EGO IDEAL | the part of superego that consists of standards of what one wants to be (perfection) (FREUD) |
| LIBIDO | the energy generated by the sexual instinct (FREUD) |
| FREUD'S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT | ORAL, ANAL, PHALLIC,,LATENCY, GENITAL |
| ORAL STAGE | first stage during first 18 months-infants erotic feelings centre on mouth lips, tongue (FREUD) |
| FIXATION | a partial or complete halt at some point of individualŐs psychosexual development-can occur at any stage of development (e.g., if child deprived of oral pleasure or allowed too much) |
| ANAL STAGE | second stage (18 MOs- 3.5 years) childŐs erotic feelings centre on anus an elimination |
| PHALLIC STAGE | third stage (after 3) -erotic feelings centre on genitals-develop attachment to parent of opposite sex |
| OEDIPUS/ELECTRA COMPLEX | a child's sexual attachment to parent of opposite sex and jealousy of same sex parent-generally occurs in phallic stage |
| LATENCY | when child appears to have no interest in other sex (5/6-12/13 years) after phallic stage |
| GENITAL STAGE | final stage after latency-normal adult sexual development usually sexual maturity |
| PERSONAL UNCONSCIOUS | one of two levels of the unconscious containing individual repressed thought, forgotten experience and undeveloped ideas (Jung) |
| COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS | Level of unconscious inherited and common to all members of species (Jung) |
| ARCHETYPES | thought forms common to all human beings stored in collective unconscious (Jung) |
| PERSONA | our public self, the mask we put on to represent ourselves |
| ANIMA | the female archetype as expressed in male personality (Jung) |
| ANIMUS | the male archetype as expressed in female personality (Jung) |
| COMPENSATION | person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weakness (Adler) |
| INFERIORITY COMPLEX | fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that results in emotional/social paralysis (Adler) |
| NEUROTIC TRENDS | irrational strategies to cope with emotional problems and minimize anxiety (submission, aggression,detachment) |
| ERICKSON: STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | 1. TRUST V MISTRUST ..2. AUTONOMY V SHAME AND DOUBT..3. INITIATIVE V GUILT ..4. INDUSTRY V INFERIORITY ..5. IDENTITY V ROLE CONFUSION ..6. INTIMACY V ISOLATION ..7. GENERATIVITY V STAGNATION ..8. EGO INTEGRITY V DESPAIR |
| HUMANISTIC PERSONALITY THEORY | focus on fundamental goodness of people and striving toward higher levels of functioning |
| ACTUALIZING TENDENCY | drive of every organism to fulfill biological potential and to become what capable of (ROGERS) |
| SELF ACTUALIZING TENDENCY | human drive to fulfill self concept or image of self (Rogers) |
| FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON | individual whose self concept resembles capacity/potential (Rogers) |
| UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD | full acceptance and love of another regardless of that person's behaviour |
| PERSONALITY TRAITS | dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways |
| FACTOR ANALYSIS | a statistical technique that identifies groups of related objects; used by Cattell to identify trait clusters |
| THE BIG FIVE (TRAITS) | EXTROVERSION/ AGREEABLENESS/ CONSCIENTIOUSNESS-DEPENDABILITY/ EMOTIONAL STABILITY/ CULTURE-INTELLECT-OPENESS: five traits or basic dimensions currently thought to be of central importance in describing personality |
| COGNITIVE-SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES | behaviour as product of the interaction of cognitions, learning and past experiences and the immediate environment |
| EXPECTANCIES | what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways (Bandura) |
| LOCUS OF CONTROL | an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control (Rotter) |
| SELF-EFFICACY | the expectancy that one's efforts will be successful (Bandura) |
| PERFORMANCE STANDARDS | standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behaviour in a variety of situations (Bandura) |
| RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM | the concept that a person influences the environment and is in turn influenced by the environment |
| OBJECTIVE TESTS | personality tests administered and scored in standard way |
| 16 PERSONALITY FACTOR QUESTIONNAIRE | objective personality test created by Cattell tha t provides scores on the 16 traits he identified |
| MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY (MMPI) | the most widely used objective test originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis |
| PROJECTIVE TESTS | personality tests such as Rorschach ink blot test consists of ambiguous or unstructured material |
| RORSCHACH TEAT |
a projective test of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots reveals aspects of personality |
| THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) | a projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story (20 cards) |